Gabatarwa labarin:

NAD + yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirƙirar kuzari a cikin jiki da kuma daidaita tsarin tafiyar da salon salula.Ga dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci, yadda aka gano shi, da kuma yadda za ku iya samun ƙarin shi.

Yadda NAD + ke da ƙarfi

Bude kowane littafi na ilimin halitta kuma zaku koyi game da NAD+, wanda ke tsaye ga nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.Yana da mahimmancin coenzyme da ake samu a kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jikin ku wanda ke da hannu cikin ɗaruruwan matakan rayuwa kamar makamashin salula da lafiyar mitochondrial.NAD + yana aiki tuƙuru a cikin sel na mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, yisti da ƙwayoyin cuta, har ma da tsirrai.

Masana kimiyya sun san game da NAD + tun lokacin da aka fara gano shi a cikin 1906, kuma tun lokacin fahimtarmu game da mahimmancinta ya ci gaba da bunkasa.Misali, NAD+ precursor niacin ya taka rawa wajen rage pellagra, cuta mai saurin kisa wacce ta addabi kudancin Amurka a cikin 1900s.Masana kimiyya a lokacin sun gano cewa madara da yisti, waɗanda duka ke ɗauke da abubuwan da suka faru na NAD +, suna rage alamun cutar.A tsawon lokaci masana kimiyya sun gano abubuwan da suka faru na NAD + da yawa - ciki har da nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, da nicotinamide riboside, da sauransu - waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da NAD +.Ka yi la'akari da madogaran NAD+ azaman hanyoyi daban-daban da zaku iya bi don isa ga makoma.Duk hanyoyin suna kai ku zuwa wuri ɗaya amma ta hanyoyin sufuri daban-daban.

Kwanan nan, NAD + ya zama kwayar halitta mai daraja a cikin binciken kimiyya saboda rawar da take takawa a ayyukan ilimin halitta.Al'ummar kimiyya sun yi bincike kan yadda NAD + ke da alaƙa da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci a cikin dabbobi waɗanda ke ci gaba da ƙarfafa masu bincike don fassara waɗannan binciken ga mutane.Don haka ta yaya daidai NAD + ke taka muhimmiyar rawa?A takaice dai, kwayar halitta ce ta coenzyme ko “mataimaki”, wanda ke daure da sauran enzymes don taimakawa haifar da amsa akan matakin kwayoyin.

Amma jiki ba shi da wadatar NAD + mara iyaka.A gaskiya ma, yana raguwa da shekaru.Tarihin bincike na NAD +, da kuma kafa kwanan nan a cikin al'ummar kimiyya, ya buɗe kofofin ruwa ga masana kimiyya don bincikar kiyaye matakan NAD + da samun ƙarin NAD +.

Menene Tarihin NAD+?

An fara gano NAD + Sir Arthur Harden da William John Young a cikin 1906 lokacin da su biyun suka yi niyyar fahimtar fermentation - wanda yisti ke daidaita sukari da ƙirƙirar barasa da CO2.Ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 20 don ƙarin ƙwarewar NAD +, lokacin da Harden ya raba kyautar Nobel ta 1929 a cikin Chemistry tare da Hans von Euler-Chelpin don aikinsu kan fermentation.Euler-Chelpin ya gano cewa tsarin NAD + ya ƙunshi nucleotides guda biyu, tubalan ginin abubuwan acid nucleic, waɗanda ke yin DNA.Binciken cewa fermentation, tsarin rayuwa, ya dogara da NAD + ya kwatanta abin da muka sani yanzu game da NAD + yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa a cikin mutane.

Euler-Chelpin, a cikin jawabinsa na lambar yabo ta Nobel na 1930, ya kira NAD + a matsayin abin jin daɗi, abin da ake kira da farko, yana nuna ƙarfinsa."Dalilin da ya sa muke yin aiki mai yawa kan tsarkakewa da kuma tabbatar da tsarin mulkin wannan abu," in ji shi, "shi ne cewa cozymase yana daya daga cikin mafi yaduwa kuma mafi mahimmancin ilimin halitta a cikin tsirrai da duniyar dabbobi."

Otto Heinrich Warburg - wanda aka sani da "tasirin Warburg" - ya tura ilimin kimiyya gaba a cikin 1930s, tare da bincike ya kara bayyana NAD + yana taka rawa a cikin halayen rayuwa.A cikin 1931, masanan kimiyyar sinadarai Conrad A. Elvehjem da CK Koehn sun gano cewa nicotinic acid, wanda ya riga ya kasance ga NAD +, shine abin da ya rage a cikin pellagra.Likitan Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka Joseph Goldberger a baya ya gano cewa cutar mai saurin kisa tana da alaƙa da wani abu da ya ɓace a cikin abincin, wanda sannan ya kira PPF don "fasali na rigakafin pellagra."Goldberger ya mutu kafin a gano cewa sinadarin nicotinic acid ne, amma gudummawar da ya bayar ta kai ga gano, wanda kuma ya sanar da doka ta ƙarshe da ta tanadi ƙarfafa fulawa da shinkafa a sikelin duniya.

Shekaru goma masu zuwa, Arthur Kornberg, wanda daga baya ya lashe kyautar Nobel don nuna yadda DNA da RNA suke samuwa, an gano NAD synthetase, enzyme wanda ke yin NAD +.Wannan binciken ya nuna farkon fahimtar tubalan ginin NAD +.A cikin 1958, masanan kimiyya Jack Preiss da Philip Handler sun bayyana abin da yanzu ake kira hanyar Preiss-Handler.Hanyar tana nuna yadda acid nicotinic - irin nau'in bitamin B3 wanda ya taimaka maganin pellagra - ya zama NAD +.Wannan ya taimaka wa masana kimiyya su kara fahimtar rawar NAD + a cikin abincin.Daga baya Handler ya sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa daga Shugaba Ronald Reagan, wanda ya ba da misali ga “fitaccen gudummuwar Handler ga binciken ilimin halittu… ƙara yanayin kimiyyar Amurka.”

Yayin da masana kimiyya yanzu suka fahimci mahimmancin NAD +, har yanzu ba su gano tasirin sa akan matakin salula ba.Fasaha masu zuwa a cikin binciken kimiyya haɗe tare da cikakkiyar fahimtar mahimmancin coenzyme a ƙarshe ya ƙarfafa masana kimiyya su ci gaba da nazarin kwayoyin halitta.

Ta yaya NAD + ke aiki a cikin jiki?

NAD+ tana aiki azaman motar jigilar kaya, tana tura electrons daga wannan kwayoyin zuwa wani a cikin sel don aiwatar da kowane nau'in halayen da matakai.Tare da takwararta ta kwayoyin halitta, NADH, wannan mahimmancin kwayar halitta yana shiga cikin halayen rayuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke haifar da kuzarin tantaninmu.Idan ba tare da isassun matakan NAD+ ba, ƙwayoyin mu ba za su iya samar da kowane kuzari don tsira da aiwatar da ayyukansu ba.Sauran ayyuka na NAD+ sun haɗa da daidaita yanayin mu na circadian, wanda ke sarrafa yanayin barci/ farke jikin mu.

Yayin da muke tsufa, matakan NAD + sun faɗi, suna ba da shawara mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin rayuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru.Lalacewar DNA ta taru da ƙwallon dusar ƙanƙara tare da tsufa.

Me zai faru idan an rage matakan NAD+?

Yawancin karatu sun nuna raguwar matakan NAD + a cikin rikice-rikice na abubuwan gina jiki, kamar kiba, da tsufa.Ragewa a cikin matakan NAD + na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da metabolism.Wadannan matsalolin na iya haifar da rashin lafiya, ciki har da kiba da juriya na insulin.Kiba yana haifar da ciwon sukari da hawan jini.

Raunin ƙwayar cuta wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin matakin NAD+ ya ragu.Hawan jini da sauran raguwar ayyukan zuciya na iya aika raƙuman matsa lamba zuwa kwakwalwa wanda zai iya haifar da rashin fahimta.

Yin niyya na NAD + metabolism shine sa baki na abinci mai gina jiki mai amfani don karewa daga rayuwa da sauran cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru.Ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun yi nazarin da ke nuna haɓakawa tare da masu haɓaka NAD + suna inganta juriya na insulin daga kiba.A cikin nau'ikan linzamin kwamfuta na cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru, haɓakawa tare da masu haɓaka NAD + yana haɓaka alamun cututtukan.Wannan yana nuna rage matakan NAD + tare da shekaru na iya ba da gudummawa ga farkon cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru.

Hana raguwar NAD + yana ba da dabara mai ban sha'awa don magance rikice-rikicen metabolism tare da shekaru.Kamar yadda matakan NAD + ke raguwa tare da shekaru, wannan na iya haifar da rage gyaran DNA, amsa damuwa ta salula, da kuma daidaita tsarin makamashi.

Fa'idodi masu yuwuwa

NAD+ yana da mahimmanci don kulawar mitochondrial nau'in da kuma ka'idojin halitta game da tsufa.Koyaya, matakin NAD + a jikinmu yana raguwa sosai tare da shekaru."Yayin da muke girma, mun rasa NAD +.A lokacin da kake shekara 50, kana da kusan rabin matakin da kake da shi lokacin da kake shekara 20,” in ji David Sinclair na Jami’ar Harvard a wata hira.

Nazarin ya nuna raguwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru ciki har da saurin tsufa, cututtuka na rayuwa, cututtukan zuciya, da neurodegeneration.Ƙananan matakan NAD + yana da alaƙa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shekaru saboda ƙarancin aikin metabolism.Amma sake cika matakan NAD + ya gabatar da tasirin tsufa a cikin samfuran dabbobi, yana nuna sakamako mai ban sha'awa a cikin sake juyar da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru, haɓaka tsawon rayuwa da tsawon lafiya.

tsufa

Wanda aka sani da "masu kula da kwayoyin halitta," sirtuins kwayoyin halitta ne da ke kare kwayoyin halitta, daga tsire-tsire zuwa dabbobi masu shayarwa, daga lalacewa da cututtuka.Lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka ga jikin yana cikin damuwa na jiki, kamar motsa jiki ko yunwa, yakan aika da sojoji don kare jiki.Sirtuins suna kiyaye mutuncin genome, suna haɓaka gyaran DNA kuma sun nuna abubuwan da suka danganci tsufa a cikin dabbobin ƙira kamar haɓaka tsawon rayuwa.

NAD + shine man fetur da ke motsa kwayoyin halitta zuwa aiki.Amma kamar mota ba za ta iya tuƙi ba tare da man fetur ba, sirtuins na buƙatar NAD +.Sakamako daga binciken ya nuna cewa haɓaka matakin NAD + a cikin jiki yana kunna sirtuins kuma yana ƙara tsawon rayuwa a cikin yisti, tsutsotsi, da mice.Kodayake NAD + sake cika yana nuna sakamako mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙirar dabba, masana kimiyya har yanzu suna nazarin yadda waɗannan sakamakon za su iya fassarawa ga mutane.

Aikin tsoka

A matsayin gidan wutar lantarki na jiki, aikin mitochondrial yana da mahimmanci don aikin motsa jiki.NAD + yana ɗaya daga cikin maɓallan don kiyaye lafiyar mitochondria da tsayayyen fitar da kuzari.

Ƙara matakan NAD + a cikin tsoka na iya inganta mitochondria da dacewa a cikin mice.Sauran nazarin kuma sun nuna cewa berayen da ke ɗaukar masu haɓaka NAD + sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma suna iya yin nisa a kan injin tuƙi, suna nuna ƙarfin motsa jiki.Dabbobin da suka tsufa waɗanda ke da babban matakin NAD + sun fi takwarorinsu.

Cututtukan narkewa

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana a matsayin annoba, kiba na daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka zama ruwan dare a al’ummar wannan zamani.Kiba na iya haifar da wasu cututtuka na rayuwa kamar ciwon sukari, wanda ya kashe mutane miliyan 1.6 a duniya a cikin 2016.

Tsufa da abinci mai kitse suna rage matakin NAD + a cikin jiki.Nazarin ya nuna cewa shan NAD + masu haɓakawa na iya rage masu alaƙar abinci da haɓakar kiba a cikin mice da haɓaka ƙarfin motsa jiki, har ma a cikin tsofaffin beraye.Sauran nazarin har ma sun canza tasirin ciwon sukari a cikin mice na mata, suna nuna sabbin dabarun yaƙi da rikice-rikice na rayuwa.

Ayyukan zuciya

Nauni na arteries yana aiki azaman mai ɗaukar nauyi tsakanin igiyoyin matsa lamba da bugun zuciya ya aika.Amma arteries suna da ƙarfi yayin da muke tsufa, suna ba da gudummawa ga hawan jini, abubuwan haɗari mafi mahimmanci ga cututtukan zuciya.Mutum ɗaya yana mutuwa daga cututtukan zuciya kowane daƙiƙa 37 a cikin Amurka kaɗai, rahoton CDC.

Hawan jini na iya haifar da kara girman zuciya da toshewar arteries da ke haifar da bugun jini.Haɓaka matakan NAD + yana ba da kariya ga zuciya, haɓaka ayyukan zuciya.A cikin berayen, masu haɓaka NAD + sun cika matakan NAD + a cikin zuciya zuwa matakan asali kuma sun hana raunin da ya faru a cikin zuciya sakamakon rashin kwararar jini.Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa masu haɓaka NAD + na iya kare beraye daga haɓakar zuciya mara kyau.

Shin NAD + yana haɓaka tsawon rayuwa?

Ee, yana yi.Idan kun kasance linzamin kwamfuta.Haɓaka NAD + tare da masu haɓakawa, kamar NMN da NR, na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwa da tsawon lafiyar beraye.

Haɓaka matakan NAD+ yana ba da ingantaccen tasiri tare da tsawaita rayuwa a cikin beraye.Amfani da NAD + precursor, NR, masana kimiyya sun gano a cikin binciken da aka buga aKimiyya, 2016, NR kari yana ƙara tsawon rayuwar beraye da kusan kashi biyar.

Matakan NAD+ da aka haɓaka suma suna ba da kariya daga cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru daban-daban.Kariya daga cututtuka masu alaƙa da shekaru na nufin rayuwa mafi koshin lafiya na tsawon lokaci, ƙara tsawon lafiya.

A gaskiya ma, wasu masana kimiyya na anti-tsufa kamar Sinclair sunyi la'akari da sakamakon da aka samu a cikin binciken dabbar da suka yi nasara cewa su da kansu, suna ɗaukar NAD + masu ƙarfafawa.Duk da haka, wasu masana kimiyya kamar Felipe Sierra na cibiyar kula da tsufa a NIH ba sa tunanin an shirya maganin.“Batun magana shine ba na gwada ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan.Me yasa ba zan yi ba?Domin ni ba linzamin kwamfuta ba ne,” inji shi.

Don beraye, binciken “maɓuɓɓugar samartaka” wataƙila ya ƙare.Koyaya, ga mutane, masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa ba mu isa ba tukuna.Gwajin asibiti na NMN da NR a cikin mutane na iya ba da sakamako a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa.

Makomar NAD +

Yayin da “gudanar azurfa” ke birgima, mafita ga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shekaru don ɗaga nauyin lafiya da na tattalin arziki ya zama cikin gaggawa.Wataƙila masana kimiyya sun sami mafita mai yiwuwa: NAD +.

An lakafta shi da "kwayar al'ajabi" don ikon maidowa da kula da lafiyar salula, NAD + ya nuna iyakoki daban-daban wajen magance cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, Alzheimer's, da kiba a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi.Koyaya, fahimtar yadda nazarin dabbobi zai iya fassarawa ga mutane shine mataki na gaba ga masana kimiyya don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin kwayar halitta.

Masana kimiyya sun yi niyya don fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta kuma ana ci gaba da bincike kan metabolism na NAD +.Cikakkun bayanai na tsarin kwayoyin halitta na iya bayyana sirrin kawo kimiyyar rigakafin tsufa daga benci zuwa gefen gado.